Обсуждение:Ба‘ль
Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
Ваал (ба'л) является и собственным именем доисламского языческого божества, которому поклоняются люди, которым был послан посланник Илия (qv) (д. 37: 125) и общее существительное, означающее «муж» (q 2: 228; 4: 128, 11:72, 24:31).
Библейский пророк Илия (1 Царств 17-22, 2 Цар. 1-2) упоминается два раза в Коране (q 6:85, 37: 123-30). Его послали, чтобы отдать свой народ от поклонения божеству Ваалу. В комментарии подробно излагаются краткие цитаты. Говорят, что во время правления израильского царя Ахава (т. 873-851 гг.) Илия пытался превратить детей Израиля (qv) из ложного поклонения Ваалу и попросил Бога дать ему власть над дождь. То, что было удовлетворено, Илия вызвал трехлетнюю засуху, в течение которой он скрывал себя. Это мучение не позволило отвлечь израильтян от их язычества, поэтому Илия молился, чтобы его увезли на небеса. Там он превратился в небесное существо, состоящее из света. История контроля Илии над дождем может, возможно, сохраниться в обычном современном использовании арабского слова ba'l в смысле неорошаемой земли ¶ и растений, полагающихся исключительно на природную воду. Некоторые ученые рассматривают параллель с древним месопотамским богом Ваалом и тремя его дочерьми в мекканской вере, что богини аль-Лат, Манат и аль-Удза были дочерьми Бога (д. 53: 19-23). См. Также идолы и изображения; пред-исламской арабией и кураном.
Слово ba'l используется четыре раза в Коране как общее существительное, означающее «муж», дважды в единственном числе (q 4: 128, 11:72) и дважды в множественном числе (bu'ūla, q 2: 228, 24:31). В этом смысле слово находит параллели на северо-западных семитских языках, в которых корень несет основной смысл «владельца», одной из характеристик божества с этим именем в ханаанской мифологии. |
Baal (baʿl) is both a proper name of a pre-Islamic pagan deity worshipped by the people to whom the messenger Elijah (q.v.) was sent (q 37:125) and a common noun meaning «husband» (q 2:228; 4:128; 11:72; 24:31).
The biblical prophet Elijah (1 Kings 17-22; 2 Kings 1-2) is mentioned two times in the Qurʾān (q 6:85; 37:123-30). He was sent to turn his people from the worship of the deity Baal. Commentary elaborates on the brief qurʾānic passages. It is said that, during the reign of the Israelite king Ahab (r. ca. 873—851 b.c.e.), Elijah attempted to turn the Children of Israel (q.v.) away from the false worship of Baal and asked God to give him power over the rain. That granted, Elijah caused a three-year drought during which time he concealed himself. This torment failed to divert the Israelites from their paganism, so Elijah prayed to be taken into heaven. There he was transformed into a heavenly being made up of light. The story of Elijah’s control over the rain may possibly survive in the common modern use of the Arabic word baʿl in the sense of unirrigated land ¶ and plants relying exclusively on natural water. Some scholars see a parallel to the ancient Mesopotamian god Baal and his three daughters in the Meccan belief that the goddesses al-Lāt, Manāt, and al-ʿUzzāʾ were the daughters of God (q 53:19-23). See also idols and images; pre-islamic arabia and the qurʾān.
The word baʿl is used four times in the Qurʾān as a common noun meaning husband, twice in the singular (q 4:128; 11:72) and twice in the plural (buʿūla, q 2:228; 24:31). In this sense, the word finds parallels in the northwest Semitic languages, in which the root bears the basic sense of "owner, " one of the characteristics of the deity with that name in Canaanite mythology. |
- C.H. Gordon, The daughters of Baal and Allah, in mw 33 (1943), 50-1
- G.D. Newby, The making of the last prophet, Columbia, SC 1989
- A.J. Wensinck, Ilyās, in ei2, iii, 1156
Cite this page
Newby, Gordon Darnell, «Baal», in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. Consulted online on 07 January 2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00021>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
| Baal (baʿl) is the name of a pagan deity or idol that is mentioned in the Qurʾān in connection with the story of Elijah (Q 37:125). Elijah was sent by God to eradicate from amongst his people the worship of the idol Baal, and this brief allusion to Baal and its story in the Qurʾān was developed further in later traditions and literature. A few more details about the idol are presented in traditional reports: it was of gold, twenty cubits tall, and had four faces (al-Thaʿlabī, al-Kashf, 8:159; al-Rāzī, 26:140), and it was crowned with hyacinths, pearls, and gems; it had four hundred keepers at its service ((ps.-)al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, 223). Most Muslim reports connect the story of the idol and Elijah to Baalbek, as Muslim exegetes derive the name of that city from Baal (al-Rāzī, 26, 140-1).
Exegetes give several other interpretations of the name «Baal» mentioned in the Qurʾān. According to some Muslim traditions, Baal was originally, in addition to the idol, the name of a woman whom they worshipped as a deity (al-Ṭabarī, 23:92-3; al-Thaʿlabī, Qiṣaṣ, 353); others take it to mean rabb (master) in the (Semitic but non-Arabic) Yemeni language (e.g., al-Ṭabarī, 23:92; al-Majlisī, 13:392). In fact, the term (baʿl) appears in this (singular) form and in the plural (buʿūla) in some passages of the Qurʾān (Q 2:228; 4:128; 11:72; 24:71, 37:125) in the sense of "husband, " reflecting the original meaning of the term, «master.» The term is also attested in legal traditions in the sense of «unwatered land» or «unirrigated palm trees» (on all the meanings, see Badawi and Abdel Haleem, 103-4, and Brunschvig). |
Baal (baʿl) is the name of a pagan deity or idol that is mentioned in the Qurʾān in connection with the story of Elijah (Q 37:125). Elijah was sent by God to eradicate from amongst his people the worship of the idol Baal, and this brief allusion to Baal and its story in the Qurʾān was developed further in later traditions and literature. A few more details about the idol are presented in traditional reports: it was of gold, twenty cubits tall, and had four faces (al-Thaʿlabī, al-Kashf, 8:159; al-Rāzī, 26:140), and it was crowned with hyacinths, pearls, and gems; it had four hundred keepers at its service ((ps.-)al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, 223). Most Muslim reports connect the story of the idol and Elijah to Baalbek, as Muslim exegetes derive the name of that city from Baal (al-Rāzī, 26, 140-1).
Exegetes give several other interpretations of the name «Baal» mentioned in the Qurʾān. According to some Muslim traditions, Baal was originally, in addition to the idol, the name of a woman whom they worshipped as a deity (al-Ṭabarī, 23:92-3; al-Thaʿlabī, Qiṣaṣ, 353); others take it to mean rabb (master) in the (Semitic but non-Arabic) Yemeni language (e.g., al-Ṭabarī, 23:92; al-Majlisī, 13:392). In fact, the term (baʿl) appears in this (singular) form and in the plural (buʿūla) in some passages of the Qurʾān (Q 2:228; 4:128; 11:72; 24:71, 37:125) in the sense of "husband, " reflecting the original meaning of the term, «master.» The term is also attested in legal traditions in the sense of «unwatered land» or «unirrigated palm trees» (on all the meanings, see Badawi and Abdel Haleem, 103-4, and Brunschvig). |
- Elsaid M. Badawi and Muhammad Abdel Haleem, Arabic-English dictionary of Qurʾanic usage (Leiden 2008), 103-4
- Robert Brunschvig, Baʿl, EI2; (ps.-)al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, Taʾrīkh al-anbiyāʾ, ed. Āsiyā Kulaybān ʿAlī al-Bāriḥ (Beirut 2004), 223-4
- al-Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār (Beirut 1983), 12:289-90, 307-8
- al-Māturīdī, Taʾwīlāt ahl al-sunna, ed. Fāṭima Yūsuf al-Khiyamī (Beirut 2004), 4:243
- Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Tafsīr (Mafātīḥ al-ghayb), Beirut n.d.
- al-Suyūṭī, al-Durr al-manthūr fī l-tafsīr al-maʾthūr (Beirut 1983), 7:119-20
- al-Ṭabarī, Jāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān (Cairo 1968), 23:92-3
- al-Ṭarafī, Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ (The stories of the prophets by Ibn Muṭarrif al-Ṭarafī), ed. Roberto Tottoli (Berlin 2003), 127-8 (Ar.), trans. as Storie dei profeti (Genoa 1997), 236-8
- al-Thaʿlabī, Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ (Cairo 1954), 352-5, trans. William M. Brinner, ʿArāʾis al-majālis fī qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ or Lives of the prophets (Leiden 2002), 419-25
- al-Thaʿlabī, al-Kashf wa-l-bayān, ed. Abū Muḥammad b. ʿĀshūr (Beirut 2002), 8:158-9
- Brannon M. Wheeler, Prophets in the Quran (London and New York 2002), 244.